Lasta suojelemassa : etnografia lasten paikan rakentumisesta lastensuojelun perhetyön käytännöissä
Hurtig, Johanna (2003)
Hurtig, Johanna
Lapin yliopisto
2003
ISBN:978-952-484-136-8
openAccess
Julkaisun pysyvä osoite on
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:ula-20111131012
https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:ula-20111131012
Tiivistelmä
Tutkimuksen aineisto on koottu lastensuojelun perhetyön käytännöistä. Aineistoni koostuu 44 perhetyömuodon kuvauksesta (keskusteluaineisto) sekä kahden lastensuojelujärjestöjen toteuttaman perhetyömuodon asiakastilanteiden havainnoinnista sekä perhetyöntekijöiden kanssa käymistäni keskusteluista (havainnointiaineisto). Tarkasteluni kiinnittyy lasten oikeuteen saada suojelua sekä lastensuojelun tehtävään lasten viimesijaisena auttajana. Kyseessä on etnografinen tutkimus. Merkityksellisiä ulottuvuuksia lasten paikan rakentumisessa ovat: ammattilaisten tapa lukea lasten ja perheen tilannetta, työn toimintaympäristö, työntekijöiden tapa hyödyntää lasten läsnäolon erilaisia ulottuvuuksia sekä työntekijöiden tapa hahmottaa tehtäväänsä suhteessa lapsiin, perheisiin ja muihin ammatillisiin toimijoihin. Lasten tarpeiden hahmottamista hallitsee yleinen käsitys lapsuudesta, lapsista ja lapsille kuuluvista velvoitteista ja tehtävistä. Tulevaisuusorientaatio on nykyisyyteen orientoitumista vahvempi. Kotiin sijoittuvan lastensuojelullisen perhetyön ammatillis-kulttuuriset ehdot ohjaavat työntekijöitä keskittymään sensitiiviseen ja tukea antavaan vuorovaikutukseen vanhempien kanssa sekä välttämään normatiivisia kannanottoja. Viestejä lasten pahoinvoinnista ja arjen vakavistakin epäkohdista on tällöin vaikeaa ottaa puheeksi. Samalla lapsen paikka suojeltavana jää epäselväksi. Lasten kokemukset ja yksilölliset näkemykset sekä lapsiyksilöt tässä ja nyt jäävät tilanteissa tavoittamatta ja vaille paikkaa. Lapsille muodostuu suojelun edellyttämä paikka, jos hänen läsnäolonsa nähdään tärkeänä, työntekijät keräävät myös häntä koskevaa tietoa, tavoittelevat lasten omia kokemuksia ja näkemyksiä sekä keskustelevat niistä vanhempien ja lasten itsensä kanssa. Sopimuksellisuuden, ymmärtämisen ja palveluiden tarjoamisen periaatteet leimaavat lastensuojelun ammatillisuutta. Ne korostavat vuorovaikutusta ja yhteistyösuhdetta työskentelyn tavoitteiden saavuttamisessa. Moraaliulottuvuuden sovittaminen näin muodostuvaan ammatillisuuteen on vaikeaa. Samalla lasten suojelemisesta tulee tehtävänä epäselvää, jos kriteerit sille mistä lapsia tulee suojella ja miten, puuttuvat. Lasten suojelutyön kehittäminen edellyttää nykyisten työtä ohjaavien periaatteiden, organisoinnin ja lähestymistapojen muodostaman kokonaisuuden uudelleentarkastelua. Kriteerinä tulee olla se, miten työn lähtökohta: lasten suojeleminen toteutuu? Avainsanat: lasten asema, lastensuojelu, perhetyö, sosiaalipalvelut, etnografia, sosiaalityön käytännöt, moraali ulottuvuus ja ammatilliset arvot. The thesis addresses three principal questions related to family work in child welfare: How is the place of the child constructed in client interactions and what is the nature of that place? What dimensions serve as anchors for this construction? and How can one explain and understand the ways in which the place of the child is constructed?
The data for the study were collected from family work practice in child welfare. The material comprises 44 accounts of family work (conversational material), two records of client interactions in family work carried out by child welfare agencies, and conversations 1 had with family work practitioners (observational material). My analysis focuses on children' s rights to protection and the role of child welfare as children' s source of last resort for assistance. The thesis is ethnographic research. The dimensions that proved significant in constructing the place of the child were how professionals read the situation of the children and family, the environment where the work takes place, the way in which practitioners make use of the different dimensions of the child' s presence, and how family work practitioners conceive of their responsibilities vis-a-vis children, families and other professional actors. Conceptions of children's needs in the context studied were found to hinge on general conceptions of childhood, children and children's obligations and responsibili¬ties. The family work analyzed was markedly more future than present oriented. The professional and cultural terms governing family work in the home steer practitioners to concentrate on sensitive and supportive interaction with the parents and to avoid taking normative positions. Under such circumstances, it is difficult to take up indications of children's ill-being and even serious problems in the families' everyday lives; likewise, the place of the child as one requiring protection remains unclear. This failure in client situations to access children' s experiences and views and to establish contact with children as individuals leaves children and these elements of their world without a place in the family work process. Children can attain the place mandated by child welfare if their involvement is considered important and if practitioners collect information on children as they do on others, explore their experiences and views, and discuss these with the parents and the children themselves. Professional practice in child welfare rests on the principles of mutuality, understanding and provision of services. These emphasize interaction and the creation of a cooperative relationship in the effort to achieve the goals set for the work. It is difficult to incorporate a moral dimension into professional practice formed in this way. Similarly, the task of protecting children becomes unclear if no criteria can be produced specifying what children are to be protected from and how they are to be protected. The development of child welfare will require a re-examination of the totality of principles, organization and approaches that guide this work today. The criterion for assessing practices should be how the welfare of the child is served in practice and the quality of the help that children ultimately receive as a result of the efforts undertaken on their behalf.
The data for the study were collected from family work practice in child welfare. The material comprises 44 accounts of family work (conversational material), two records of client interactions in family work carried out by child welfare agencies, and conversations 1 had with family work practitioners (observational material). My analysis focuses on children' s rights to protection and the role of child welfare as children' s source of last resort for assistance. The thesis is ethnographic research. The dimensions that proved significant in constructing the place of the child were how professionals read the situation of the children and family, the environment where the work takes place, the way in which practitioners make use of the different dimensions of the child' s presence, and how family work practitioners conceive of their responsibilities vis-a-vis children, families and other professional actors. Conceptions of children's needs in the context studied were found to hinge on general conceptions of childhood, children and children's obligations and responsibili¬ties. The family work analyzed was markedly more future than present oriented. The professional and cultural terms governing family work in the home steer practitioners to concentrate on sensitive and supportive interaction with the parents and to avoid taking normative positions. Under such circumstances, it is difficult to take up indications of children's ill-being and even serious problems in the families' everyday lives; likewise, the place of the child as one requiring protection remains unclear. This failure in client situations to access children' s experiences and views and to establish contact with children as individuals leaves children and these elements of their world without a place in the family work process. Children can attain the place mandated by child welfare if their involvement is considered important and if practitioners collect information on children as they do on others, explore their experiences and views, and discuss these with the parents and the children themselves. Professional practice in child welfare rests on the principles of mutuality, understanding and provision of services. These emphasize interaction and the creation of a cooperative relationship in the effort to achieve the goals set for the work. It is difficult to incorporate a moral dimension into professional practice formed in this way. Similarly, the task of protecting children becomes unclear if no criteria can be produced specifying what children are to be protected from and how they are to be protected. The development of child welfare will require a re-examination of the totality of principles, organization and approaches that guide this work today. The criterion for assessing practices should be how the welfare of the child is served in practice and the quality of the help that children ultimately receive as a result of the efforts undertaken on their behalf.
Kokoelmat
- Väitöskirjat [386]